IMF

 IMF

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 188 countries that make up its near-global membership

Why the IMF was created and how it works

The IMF, also known as the Fund, was conceived at a UN conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, in July 1944. The 44 countries at that conference sought to build a framework for economic cooperation to avoid a repetition of the competitive devaluations that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.

The IMF's responsibilities: The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other. The Fund's mandate was updated in 2012 to include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability.

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Difference Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

• Microeconomics is the study of particular markets, and segments of the economy. It looks at issues such as consumer behaviour, individual labour markets, and the theory of firms.
• Macro economics is the study of the whole economy. It looks at ‘aggregate’ variables, such as aggregate demand, national output and inflation.

Micro economics is concerned with:

• Supply and demand in individual markets
• Individual consumer behaviour. e.g. Consumer choice theory
• Individual labour markets – e.g. demand for labour, wage determination
• Externalities arising from production and consumption.

Macro economics is concerned with

• Monetary / fiscal policy. e.g. what effect does interest rates have on whole economy?
• Reasons for inflation, and unemployment
• Economic Growth
• International trade and globalisation
• Reasons for differences in living standards and economic growth between countries.
• Government borrowing

Moving from Micro to Macro

If we look at a simple supply and demand diagram for motor cars. Microeconomics is concerned with issues such as the impact of an increase in demand for cars.

This micro economic analysis shows that the increased demand leads to higher price, and higher quantity.
Macro economic analysis
This looks at all goods and services produced in the economy.

The macro diagram is looking at Real GDP (which is the total amount of output produced in the economy) instead of quantity.
Instead of the price of a good, we are looking at the overall price level (PL) for the economy. Inflation measures the annual % change in the aggregate price level.
Macro diagrams are based on the same principles as micro diagrams, we just look at Real GDP rather than Quantity and Inflation rather than Price Level (PL)
We can also consider differences between micro and macro economics. I will summarise the main differences here:

1. Small segment of economy vs whole aggregate economy.
2. Microeconomics works on principle that markets soon create equilibrium. In macro economics, the economy may be in a state of disequilibrium (boom or recession) for a longer period
3. There is little debate about the basic principles of micro-economics. Macro economics is more contentious. There are different schools of macro economics offering different explanations (e.g. Keynesian, Monetarist, Austrian, Real Business cycle e.t.c).
4. Macro economics places greater emphasis on empirical data and trying to explain it. Micro economics tends to work from theory first.

Differences Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

The main difference is that micro looks at small segments, and macro looks at the whole economy. But, there are other differences.
Equilibrium – Disequilibrium
Classical economic analysis assumes that markets return to equilibrium (S=D). If demand increases faster than supply, this causes price to rise and firms respond by increasing supply. For a long time, it was assumed that the macro economy behaved in the same way as micro economic analysis. Before, the 1930s, there wasn’t really a separate branch of economics called macroeconomics.
Great Depression and Birth of Macroeconomics
In the 1930s, economies were clearly not in equilibrium. There was high unemployment, output was below capacity, and there was a state of disequilbrium. Classical economics didn’t really have an explanation for this dis-equilibrium, which from a micro perspective, shouldn’t occur.
In 1936, J.M.Keynes produced his The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, this examined why the depression was lasting so long. It examined why we can be in a state of disequilibrium in the macro economy. Keynes observed that we can have a negative output gap (disequilibrium in the macroeconomy) for a prolonged time. In other words, microeconomic principles of markets clearing, didn’t necessarily apply to macro economics. Keynes wasn’t the only economist to investigate this new branch of economics. For example, Iriving Fisher examined the role of debt deflation in explaining the great depression. But, Keynes’ theory was the most wide ranging explanation, and played a large role in creating the new branch of macro-economics.
Since 1936, macroeconomics developed as a separate strand within economics. There have been competing explanations for issues such as inflation, recessions and economic growth.

Similarities between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

Although it is convenient to split up economics into two branches – microeconomics and macroeconomics, it is to some extent an artificial divide.

1. Micro principles used in macro economics. If you study impact of devaluation, you are likely to use same economic principles, such as the elasticity of demand to changes in price.
2. Micro effects macro economics and vice versa. If we see a rise in oil prices, this will have a significant impact on cost-push inflation. If technology reduces costs, this enables faster economic growth.
3. Blurring of distinction. If house prices rise, this is a micro economic effect for housing market. But, housing market is so influential that it could also be considered a macro-economic variable, and will influence monetary policy.
4. There have been efforts to use computer models of household behaviour to predict impact on macro economy.

ECONOMICS

What Is Economics?

Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources.

Resources include the time and talent people have available, the land, buildings, equipment, and other tools on hand, and the knowledge of how to combine them to create useful products and services.

Important choices involve how much time to devote to work, to school, and to leisure, how many dollars to spend and how many to save, how to combine resources to produce goods and services, and how to vote and shape the level of taxes and the role of government.

Often, people appear to use their resources to improve their well-being. Well-being includes the satisfaction people gain from the products and services they choose to consume, from their time spent in leisure and with family and community as well as in jobs, and the security and services provided by effective governments. Sometimes, however, people appear to use their resources in ways that don't improve their well-being.

In short, economics includes the study of labor, land, and investments, of money, income, and production, and of taxes and government expenditures. Economists seek to measure well-being, to learn how well-being may increase over time, and to evaluate the well-being of the rich and the poor. The most famous book in economics is the Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations written by Adam Smith, and published in 1776 in Scotland.

Although the behavior of individuals is important, economics also addresses the collective behavior of businesses and industries, governments and countries, and the globe as a whole. Microeconomics starts by thinking about how individuals make decisions. Macroeconomics considers aggregate outcomes. The two points of view are essential in understanding most economic phenomena.

The list of fields in economics illustrates the scope of economic thought.

GCTE TVPM HISTORY

GOVT. COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION THIRUVANANTHAPURAM The  College was founded in 1911 by His Highness Sree Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma, Maharaja of Travancore and was known as 'The Maharaja's Training College'.  This Mother Teacher Education Institution in Kerala, the second in Madras province was established on the basis of recommendations of the Hunter Commission Report 1882.  The college was affiliated to Madras University and imparted training for Graduate and Undergraduate teachers.  The College was established at par, with International standards.  Dr. G.F. Clark from London University was the founder Principal.  The College was then affiliated to Travancore University in 1937 and later to the University of Kerala in 1957.  The college celebrated its Platinum Jubilee in 1986.  The College was upgraded to the status of Govt. College of Teacher Education in 1994 and was entrusted with the dual responsibilities of providing resource support to secondary education and functioning as a model teacher education institution in the region.  The College was elevated to status of a Research Centre in Education in 2006 by the University of Kerala.  The institution started publishing a bi-annual educational journal 'The GCTE Journal of Research and Extension in Education' from January 2006 and it has been recognized by universities like Kerala, Calicut and Kannur.  The College has been accredited by NAAC with 'B' Grade during 2007-08.  The B. Ed Course in Commerce has been sanctioned by the Govt. in Nov 2008. The college now offers 11 optional subjects in B. Ed (English, Malayalam, Hindi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Physical Science, Natural Science, Mathematics, Social Science, Geography and Commerce).  The M. Ed course with 35 intake was sanctioned by NCTE.  The college was celebrated its Centenary in 2011-12.